Sikap dan kesediaan pelajar sekolah menengah terhadap kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi dalam pembelajaran KOMSAS bahasa Melayu

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sikap dan kesediaan pelajar sekolah menengah terhadap penerapan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi (KBAT) dalam pembelajaran komponen sastera (KOMSAS) dalam mata pelajaran Bahasa Melayu. Selain itu, kajian tinjauan ini juga bertujuan untuk mengkaji tahap perbezaan sikap dan kesediaan pelajar terhadap KBAT berdasarkan jantina. Penyelidikan ini dijalankan dengan menggunakan borang kaji selidik yang melibatkan 322 orang pelajar di empat buah sekolah menengah di Tanah Merah, Kelantan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) versi 19.0. Data telah dianalisis secara deskriptif menggunakan kekerapan, min, peratus dan sisihan piawai. Analisis deskriptif mendapati min sikap (4.04) dan kesediaan (3.98) pelajar terhadap KBAT berada pada tahap tinggi. Analisis inferensi menggunakan ujian-t dan korelasi mendapati terdapat perbezaan kesediaan yang signifikan antara pelajar lelaki dan perempuan terhadap KBAT dalam pembelajaran KOMSAS. Manakala tidak terdapat perbezaan sikap yang signifikan antara pelajar lelaki dan perempuan terhadap KBAT dalam pembelajaran KOMSAS. Daripada analisis menunjukkan KBAT semakin diterima di sekolah dan pelajar menunjukkan kecenderungan untuk mempelajarinya dengan lebih mendalam dalam KOMSAS. Oleh itu, diharapkan guru dapat mencipta suasana pembelajaran yang lebih kondusif menggunakan KBAT di dalam bilik darjah supaya dapat meningkatkan minat pelajar untuk mempelajari KOMSAS. dalam mata pelajaran Bahasa Melayu

Impact of blackhole and Sybil attacks on dynamic windows secured implicit geographic forwarding routing protocol

Dynamic windows implicit geographic forwarding (DWSIGF) routing protocol promises a minimal selection on attacker as a hop node. However, it was tested only on blackhole attack with a single optimal attacker. Thus, a thorough investigation was performed to examine whether the protocol is secure against other routing attacks. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of an impact of blackhole and Sybil attacks on the DWSIGF. The analyses on blackhole attack were carried out on a single and multiple attackers using priority selection, random selection, an optimal relay, non-optimal relay, with and without clear to send (CTS) rushing attack. While on the other hand, the Sybil attack's analyses were investigated on the impact of single attacker using optimal and non-optimal relay over increasing traffic loads and growing number of Sybil attackers. The study showed that the DWSIGF promised a superior protection against blackhole/selective forwarding and Sybil attacks with minimum attacker selection and high performance in packet delivery ratio even without inserting any security mechanism in the routing protocol

Wireless Energy Harvesting with Amplify-and-Forward Relaying and Link Adaptation under Imperfect Feedback Channel

Energy harvesting is an alternative approach to extend the lifetime of wireless communications and decrease energy consumption, which results in fewer carbon emissions from wireless networks. In this study, adaptive modulation with EH relay is proposed. A power splitting mechanism for EH relay is used. The relay harvests energy from the source and forwards the information to the destination. A genetic algorithm (GA) is applied for the optimisation of the power splitting ratio at the relays. Two scenarios are considered namely, perfect and imperfect feedback channels. Results show that the spectral efficiency (SE) degradation, which is due to an imperfect feedback channel, was approximately 14% for conventional relays. The use of energy harvesting results in a degradation in the performance of SE of approximately 19% in case of a perfect feedback channel. Finally, an increase in the number of energy harvesting relays enhances the SE by 22%

A Review of Low Power Wide Area Technology in Licensed and Unlicensed Spectrum for IoT Use Cases

There are many platforms in licensed and license free spectrum that support LPWA (low power wide area) technology in the current markets. However, lack of standardization of the different platforms can be a challenge for an interoperable IoT environment. Therefore understanding the features of each technology platform is essential to be able to differentiate how the technology can be matched to a specific IoT application profile. This paper provides an analysis of LPWA underlying technology in licensed and unlicensed spectrum by means of literature review and comparative assessment of Sigfox, LoRa, NB-IoT and LTE-M. We review their technical aspect and discussed the pros and cons in terms of their technical and other deployment features. General IoT application requirements is also presented and linked to the deployment factors to give an insight of how different applications profiles is associated to the right technology platform, thus provide a simple guideline on how to match a specific application profile with the best fit connectivity features

Regressive Prediction Approach to Vertical Handover in Fourth Generation Wireless Networks

The over increasing demand for deployment of wireless access networks has made wireless mobile devices to face so many challenges in choosing the best suitable network from a set of available access networks. Some of the weighty issues in 4G wireless networks are fastness and seamlessness in handover process. This paper therefore, proposes a handover technique based on movement prediction in wireless mobile (WiMAX and LTE-A) environment. The technique enables the system to predict signal quality between the UE and Radio Base Stations (RBS)/Access Points (APs) in two different networks. Prediction is achieved by employing the Markov Decision Process Model (MDPM) where the movement of the UE is dynamically estimated and averaged to keep track of the signal strength of mobile users. With the help of the prediction, layer-3 handover activities are able to occur prior to layer-2 handover, and therefore, total handover latency can be reduced. The performances of various handover approaches influenced by different metrics (mobility velocities) were evaluated. The results presented demonstrate good accuracy the proposed method was able to achieve in predicting the next signal level by reducing the total handover latency

Comparison of Channel State Information Estimation Using SLM and Clipping-based PAPR Reduction Methods

AbstractChannel estimation is a crucial issue in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) as well as in all multicarrier systems. However, OFDM suffers from a major setback, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). PAPR can be solved using a number of available techniques in literature, such as coding, active constellation extension, amplitude clipping, and selected mapping. The coding approach presents a disadvantage, represented by redundant data that significantly reduce the bit rate. The active constellation extension is an effective method; however, it requires higher transmission power. The clipping method is the simplest, but it produces high bit error rate (BER) degradation. Selected mapping (SLM) is the best among the available methods; however, it sends several bits as side information. In this study, we compare the clipping and SLM methods and show how the channel state information (CSI) estimation is affected in both techniques. Simulation results show that the SLM method is more effective than the clipping technique. The BER significantly increases when the clipping method is used because of the inaccurate estimation of CSI when the high peaks are clipped, such as in the case of the inserted pilots

Spectrum Sharing Etiquette Considering Primary User Activity Pattern in Dynamic TVWS via Cournot Game Theory

Television White Space (TVWS) networks only utilizes a licensed channel in the absence of a primary user network (PUN). Therefore, the performance of TVWS networks are greatly depended on activity pattern of PUN. In this paper, we address the problem of spectrum sharing in cognitive radio environment consisting of PUN and TVWS networks from the perspective of spectrum quality. We propose a self‐indicating distributive dynamic Cournot spectrum economic game using non‐cooperative game. To capture the dynamic parameter that characterizes dynamic TVWS, a differentiating parameter known as the Channel Instability Index (CII), β, was introduced to grade the leased PUN channel holding time (with consideration of the time‐varying radio attributes of the dynamic TVWS environment) and to enforce truthfulness in spectrum transactions. Based on the CII model, two possible scenarios were considered. Case I occurs if β = 0, which signifies stable PUN bandwidth and Case II, occurs if 0.1 ≤ β ≤ 0.9, which denotes an unstable PUN bandwidth spectrum. Based on our model, it was showed that utility and QoS measured in‐terms of probability of dropped packets of TVWS networks were increased by more than 15 % in any epoch with the key enabler as β

Comparison of Channel State Information Estimation Using SLM and Clipping-based PAPR Reduction Methods

AbstractChannel estimation is a crucial issue in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) as well as in all multicarrier systems. However, OFDM suffers from a major setback, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). PAPR can be solved using a number of available techniques in literature, such as coding, active constellation extension, amplitude clipping, and selected mapping. The coding approach presents a disadvantage, represented by redundant data that significantly reduce the bit rate. The active constellation extension is an effective method; however, it requires higher transmission power. The clipping method is the simplest, but it produces high bit error rate (BER) degradation. Selected mapping (SLM) is the best among the available methods; however, it sends several bits as side information. In this study, we compare the clipping and SLM methods and show how the channel state information (CSI) estimation is affected in both techniques. Simulation results show that the SLM method is more effective than the clipping technique. The BER significantly increases when the clipping method is used because of the inaccurate estimation of CSI when the high peaks are clipped, such as in the case of the inserted pilots